How Sensors Talk to the roboRIO: DIO, Analog, and CAN

Every sensor on an FRC robot reports through one of a few electrical interfaces, and knowing them helps you wire and program correctly the first time.

Digital I/O (DIO)

The roboRIO has 10 built-in DIO ports (0-9). On the roboRIO these ports operate at 5V logic: a 'high' signal is ~5V and 'low' is 0V (the input threshold reads high above ~2.0V and low below ~0.8V). DIO is used for:

• Switches (limit switches, beam breaks) that are simply open or closed.
• Quadrature encoders, which send two fast on/off pulse trains.
• Duty-cycle (PWM) absolute encoders, where the width of a repeating pulse encodes position.

Every DIO port has a built-in pull-up resistor between power and signal, so a normally-open switch wired between signal and ground reads true (high) when open and false (low) when pressed — a detail that trips up many rookies.

Analog Input

The roboRIO has 4 built-in analog input channels (0-3) that read a continuous voltage from 0-5V with 12-bit resolution. Analog sensors output a voltage proportional to what they measure — for example, an analog potentiometer or an analog absolute encoder where 0V = 0 degrees and 5V = one full rotation.

CAN bus

The CAN (Controller Area Network) bus is a single daisy-chained, terminated pair of wires that connects many smart devices: motor controllers (Talon FX, Spark MAX/Flex), the Power Distribution Hub/Panel, the Pigeon 2.0 IMU, the CTRE CANcoder, and CAN distance sensors. Each device has a unique ID. CAN is powerful because:

• A device can do its own processing and report rich data (position, velocity, temperature, current).
• You add devices without using up roboRIO ports.
• Modern CTRE devices support CAN FD for higher bandwidth.

The trade-off is bus utilization and latency: too many devices polled too fast can saturate the bus, so frame/update rates are configurable.

Choosing an interface

Use DIO for switches and most encoders, analog for simple potentiometers, and CAN for anything that benefits from on-device smarts or that you want to read without wiring back to the roboRIO. As a rule of thumb, prefer the interface the manufacturer designed the sensor for, and always confirm a sensor's logic level is compatible before wiring it to a 5V DIO port.